Jump to content

PSA Group

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Peugeot S.A.
Groupe PSA
FormerlyPSA Peugeot Citroën (1991–2016)
Company typePublic
Euronext Paris: UG
IndustryAutomotive
Predecessors
FoundedApril 1976; 48 years ago (1976-04), in Paris, France
Defunct16 January 2021; 3 years ago (2021-01-16)
FateMerged with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) to form Stellantis
SuccessorStellantis
Headquarters
Rueil-Malmaison
,
France
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
  • Automobiles (73.8%)
  • Automotive parts (21%)
  • Financing (2.8%)
  • Logistics (2.2%)
  • Motorcycles (0.2%)[1]
Production output
Decrease 3.5 million (2019)[2]
Brands
RevenueIncrease €74.731 billion (2019)[3]
Increase €4.668 billion (2019)[3]
Increase €3.2 billion (2019)[3]
Total assetsIncrease €69.766 billion (2019)[3]
Total equityIncrease €21.801 billion (2019)[3]
Owners
Number of employees
209,000 (2019)[2]
Subsidiaries
List
Websitegroupe-psa.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 4 May 2020)

Peugeot S.A., trading as Groupe PSA (French pronunciation: [ɡʁup pe ɛs ɑ]) (formerly PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1991 to 2016) was a French multinational automotive manufacturing company which produced automobiles and motorcycles under the Peugeot, Citroën, DS, Opel and Vauxhall brands.[6][7] On 18 December 2019, PSA and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) announced that they had agreed to the terms of a binding $50 billion merger.[8][9] On 16 July 2020, both companies announced the new name for their merged operations, Stellantis.[10] The deal closed on 16 January 2021. As of 2022, Stellantis is the fourth largest automaker by sales behind Toyota, Volkswagen Group, and Hyundai Motor Group.[11]

Peugeot was the largest PSA brand. PSA was listed on the Euronext Paris stock exchange and was a constituent of the CAC 40 index.[12][13][14]

Beginning in 2016, PSA began to outline a strategy which entailed the rapid expansion of the company, through both geographic expansion and acquisitions of other car companies. PSA announced plans to enter the Indian, American, Canadian, Southeast Asian, and other markets in the coming years.

Headquartered in Rueil-Malmaison, PSA, with sales of 3.88 million units in 2018,[15] was the third-largest Europe-based automaker, distantly trailing industry leader Volkswagen's 10.8 million[16] and just a fraction behind Renault.[17]

In 2019, Groupe PSA was the ninth largest automaker in the world, after Volkswagen, Toyota, the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, General Motors, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford Motor Company, Honda, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.

History

[edit]

Citroën acquisition

[edit]

In December 1974, Peugeot S.A. acquired a 38.2% share of Citroën. On 9 April 1976[18] they increased their stake of the then bankrupt company to 89.95%, thus creating the PSA Group (where PSA is short for Peugeot Société Anonyme), becoming PSA Peugeot Citroën.[19] Since Citroën had two successful new designs in the market at this time (the GS and CX) and Peugeot was typically prudent in its own finances, the PSA venture was a financial success from 1976 to 1979.

Chrysler Europe acquisition

[edit]
PSA logo 1991–2016

In late 1978, PSA purchased the failing Chrysler Europe (which had been Rootes and Simca) from the troubled US parent firm for a nominal US$1.00, plus assumption of outstanding debt, leading to losses for the consortium from 1980 to 1985.[20] Further investment was required because PSA decided to create a new brand for the entity for the disparate French and British models, based on the Talbot sports car last seen in the 1950s. From then on, the whole Chrysler/Simca range was sold under the Talbot badge until production of Talbot-branded passenger cars was shelved in 1987 and on commercial vehicles in 1992.[21]

All of this investment caused serious financial problems for the entire PSA group; PSA lost money from 1980 to 1985. There were some bright spots, however: mainly thanks to the success of the Peugeot 205 and in spite of Talbot sales withering away, PSA surpassed Renault in sales in the domestic French market for the first time in 1983.[22] In 1987, the company dropped the Talbot brand for passenger cars when it ceased production of the Simca-developed Horizon; the Samba and Alpine/Solara had been discontinued a year earlier. What was to have been the Talbot Arizona became the Peugeot 309, with the former Rootes plant in Ryton and Simca plant in Poissy being turned over for Peugeot assembly from October 1985. Producing Peugeots in Ryton was significant, as it signaled the first time that PSA would build cars in the UK (car assembly at Ryton stopped in 2006 and the plant was closed). The Talbot name survived for a little longer on commercial vehicles until 1992 before being shelved completely. From 1987 to 1995, the Ryton plant also produced the Peugeot 405 saloon.

Financial crisis, alliance with General Motors (2012–2014)

[edit]
PSA Peugeot Citroen CEO, Philippe Varin, in 2013

On 29 February 2012, PSA announced the creation of a major alliance with General Motors (GM), as part of which GM became PSA's second-largest shareholder, after the Peugeot family, with a holding of 7%. The alliance was intended to enable $2 billion per year of cost savings through platform sharing, common purchasing and other economies of scale.[23]

In July 2012, a union official said that PSA Peugeot Citroën would cut as much as 10 percent (8,000-10,000) of its French workforce of 100,356 employees on permanent and temporary contract. The jobs cut was more than previously announced.[24][25]

On 24 October, PSA said it was close to an agreement with creditor banks on €11.5 billion ($14.9 billion) of refinancing and had won state guarantees on €7 billion in further borrowing by its Banque PSA Finance.[26]

On 12 December 2013, General Motors announced it was selling its 7% stake in PSA Peugeot Citroën to Padmapriya Automobile Investment Group.[27][28]

In 2014, Dongfeng Motor Group, the Chinese partner that builds PSA cars in China, and the French government each took a 13% stake in PSA, in a financial rescue operation, reducing the Peugeot family share from 25% to 14%.[29]

Rapid expansion

[edit]

Following Dongfeng and the French government each acquiring stakes in Groupe PSA, various cost-cutting measures at the company turned its fortune around and gradually reduced PSA's debt, until the company began to turn a profit beginning in 2015. A new CEO, Carlos Tavares, was engaged and began to implement various cost-cutting measures and expanded the model range of all three core brands, alongside the creation of a new brand, DS Automobiles.

In early 2016, PSA unveiled a roadmap detailing its plan to re-enter the North American car market for the first time since 1991.[30]

Acquisition of 'Ambassador' brand from Hindustan Motors

[edit]

On 10 February 2017, PSA announced a 50:50 joint venture with the CK Birla Group, the owner of the Hindustan Motors to sell Peugeot, Citroën, and DS vehicles in India and purchase of the Ambassador brand from Hindustan Motors at the cost of ₹80 Crore (€11[31] million).[32]

Acquisition of Opel and Vauxhall Motors

[edit]

On 14 February 2017 PSA announced that it was in talks to acquire Opel and Vauxhall Motors from General Motors. The talks were in an advanced stage, but were a surprise to the press and to much of Opel's leadership as they had plans to transform the company into an electric-car-only brand using the platform of the Opel Ampera-e for a wide range of models. GM agreed to continue to supply PSA with Ampera-e and other electric vehicle technology.[33][34][35] In August 2017, PSA completed the acquisition deal of Opel and Vauxhall.[36]

GM reported a loss of US $257 million from its European operations in 2016, sixteenth consecutive loss-making year for GM in Europe, bringing its amount of losses on the continent since 2000 to more than US $15 billion.[37] Some expressed concerns about what this major acquisition might do to PSA's bottom line. However, due to this amount of debt, it is likely that GM may give the brands to PSA, or sell Opel and Vauxhall at a highly reduced price. Tavares expects synergies a decade after the takeover.[38][35]

PSA CEO Carlos Tavares met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and British Prime Minister Theresa May at separate meetings where he toured some of Opel and Vauxhall's operations in Germany and the UK, respectively.[35] He assured the leaders that jobs would be safeguarded and that Vauxhall's Ellesmere Port plant was to be used by PSA at least until 2021.[35]

Tavares announced that he wants Opel to keep its German brand identity and to embrace it, and that he would leverage Opel's pedigree of German engineering and Motorsport and use the company's heritage to reach markets and customers that may not consider a French car due to perceived reliability issues.[35] He also announced that the Opel and Vauxhall brands would be elevated to new heights within Groupe PSA, including the sale of Opel and Vauxhall-branded vehicles outside Europe for the first time in many decades.[35]

Bid for Proton

[edit]

On 17 February 2017, PSA announced its bid to acquire PROTON Holdings, which owns the Proton and Lotus brands, but lost out to Geely a few months later.[39]

Merger with FCA

[edit]

In May 2019 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) announced its intention to seek a merger with Groupe Renault. However, in early June merger talks were suspended, and never resumed.[40] On 31 October 2019, Groupe PSA announced intent to merge with FCA. The merger would be on a 50-50 all stock basis. On 18 December 2019, FCA and PSA announced that they had agreed to the terms of a binding $50 billion merger,[9] expected to be implemented in the next 12 months. The new group is incorporated in the Netherlands and has John Elkann as Chairman of the Board and Carlos Tavares as CEO.[41] On 15 July 2020, the two companies announced that the merged entity will be named Stellantis, from the "Latin verb 'stello' meaning 'to brighten with stars.'"[42] On 4 January 2021, both shareholders of PSA and FCA approved the merger and the deal was closed on 16 January 2021.[43][44][45]

Operations

[edit]

The Peugeot, Citroën and DS Automobiles brands retain separate sales and marketing structures, but share common technology, development and assembling assets.

Jean-Martin Folz was PSA's CEO between 1996 and early 2007, when he was replaced by former Airbus head Christian Streiff. Streiff was sacked on 29 March 2009, a day after the company posted a full year loss for 2008.[46] Streiff was replaced by Corus Group chief executive Philippe Varin.[46] Carlos Tavares became CEO in 2014.[47]

Developing markets

[edit]

PSA was actively committed to developing its market presence and sales in many fast growing developing countries and regions of the world. This led to huge investments and partnerships in South America, Iran (Iran Khodro)[48] and China (Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile).[49] It announced plans to invest €650 million in a manufacturing plant in Sanand, India. With a capacity of 170,000 vehicles, the Sanand plant started production of the aaa in 2020.[50][51] In Kazakhstan, assembly of the Peugeot passenger cars will start in June 2013 with a production capacity of 4,000 units per year at the beginning and more than 10,000 units in the near future.[52] A PSA plant was opened in 2018 in Tunisia and in 2019 in Kenitra in Morocco.[53]

Citroën will enter the Indian market in early 2021, with the launch of the C5 Aircross SUV manufactured at a plant in Tiruvallur, India.[54]

Peugeot Citroën Automobiles S.A.

[edit]

The manufacturer of Peugeot, Citroën and DS Automobiles-branded cars and vans, 100% owned by PSA Group and formed from the combination of Automobiles Citroën and Automobiles Peugeot. Automobiles Citroën, Automobiles Peugeot, and DS Automobiles remain in operation in relation to specific retail operations in various countries but not in the development or manufacture of vehicles.

PSA PowerTrain (formerly Peugeot Citroën Moteurs)

[edit]

PSA PowerTrain is a manufacturer of petrol and diesel engines for a range of companies including BMW, Ford, Jaguar, and Land Rover. It was founded by Peugeot in 1898 in Lille and later named Compagnie Lilloise de Moteurs (CLM). In 1992 SCM-CLM as it was then known became Peugeot Citroën Moteurs.[55]

The company has had a partnership with Ford Motor Company since 1998.[56]

PSA and BMW have an agreement to develop the 1.6 Prince engine. PSA also sells their engines, gearboxes and other parts to small independent manufacturers such as De La Chapelle and PGO.[57] This PSA Peugeot Citroën 1.6-litre turbo petrol engine has received the International Engine of the Year awards a total of eight times, from 2007 to 2014.[58]

Process Conception Ingénierie

[edit]

Process Conception Ingénierie (PCI) is a French-based manufacturer of machine-tools for the automotive and aircraft industry.[59]

Faurecia

[edit]

PSA owns 57.43% of automotive supplier Faurecia,[60] a company created by a 1997 merger between Bertrand Faure and PSA-owned ECIA. It provides various components to Peugeot, Citroën, DS and significant interior and exterior parts to companies such as Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz.[61]

Gefco

[edit]
Gefco near Berlin

Gefco is a large international logistics company,[62] established by Peugeot in 1949 and named Les Groupages Express de Franche-Comté. In November 2012, PSA sold a 75% share to Russian Railways (RZD) for €800m,[63] but retains Gefco as the main logistics provider.[64]

Motaquip

[edit]

Motaquip is an all-makes aftermarket parts company and was established in the UK by PSA Peugeot Citroën in 1981. In December 2014 Motaquip was sold to an outside company to become independent of PSA as "Motaquip Limited". The head office is now based in Nuneaton, UK, with all parts distributed from a warehouse in Luton, UK.

Financial services

[edit]

PSA wholly owns Banque PSA Finance which provides financial services, and 98.67% of GIE PSA Tresorerie which was founded in 1990 as a treasury and cash management services division.

Former marques and subsidiaries

[edit]

A number of marques were inherited following the acquisition of Chrysler Europe in 1978, and some were merged to re-establish Talbot, a previously dormant marque.

Chrysler Europe marques included the British Sunbeam (1901–1976), Humber (1868-1976), Singer (1905–1970), Commer (1905–1979), Hillman (1907–1976), Karrier (1908–1977), the French Simca (1934–1977) and the Spanish Barreiros (1959–1978).

Cycles Peugeot produced bicycles from 1882 until 2005. In 1987, ProCycle of Canada acquired the rights to distribute French-made Peugeots in North America and in 1990, Cycles Peugeot sold the North American rights to market bicycles under the Peugeot name to ProCycle. In 2001, ProCycle discontinued the Peugeot bicycle brand. In Europe, the licence to produce Peugeot-branded bicycles was sold to Cycleurope, a company making bicycles under different names, on condition that it would be reconsidered in 2004. That license was later withdrawn for Europe, though production of bicycles for export continued for another year.

Peugeot Motocycles manufactures a range of mopeds and scooters. In 2014, Mahindra & Mahindra acquired a 51% stake in the company, and in 2019, PSA sold its remaining stake. The company owned 50% of the Chinese Jinan Qingqi Peugeot Motocycles joint venture, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of China South Industries Group in 2013.[65]

Citer is a French-based car rental company established by Citroën in 1968. It was sold to Enterprise Holdings in 2011.[66]

Joint ventures and collaborations

[edit]

Sevel S.p.A.

[edit]
Main article: Sevel

Sevel (Société Européenne de Véhicules Légers SA and Società Europea Veicoli Leggeri-Sevel S.p.A.) was established in 1978 and is equally owned by PSA Group and Fiat. As a result of this, two factories have been built assembling three ranges of vehicles, Sevel Nord and Sevel Sud. Peugeot and Fiat's Argentine operations were also joined under the name of Sevel Argentina S.A. (Sociedad Europea de Vehículos para Latinoamérica), although Fiat withdrew from Sevel in 1995. Currently Sevel builds the Fiat Ducato, Peugeot Boxer, and Citroën Jumper.

Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile

[edit]
Main article: Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën

The joint venture with the Chinese company Dongfeng Motor Corporation (later Dongfeng Motor Group) was established in 1992 and produces the Citroën C-Triomphe, 207, 307 and 408 models at factories in Wuhan and Xiangyang.[67]

Peugeot Citroën Mitsubishi Automotive Rus

[edit]

The Kaluga factory was built by the Russian-based joint venture between PSA Peugeot Citroën (70%) and Mitsubishi Motors (30%) established in 2011. The site builds the Mitsubishi Outlander, Pajero Sport, and the Peugeot 308 and Citroën C4.[68] From 2018, the Peugeot Expert and Citroën Jumpy are built on site.

IKAP (Iran Khodro Automobiles Peugeot)

[edit]
Main article: IKAP

The joint venture with Iran Khodro was established in 2016 and produces some Peugeot models and imports other models in CBU for Iran market.[69] IKAP is a 50–50 joint venture with the Iran Khodro, based in Tehran.

B-Parts

[edit]

In 2020, PSA Aftermarket, the post-sales division of the PSA Group, expanded its operations in the circular economy by acquiring B-Parts, a platform specializing in the sale of used car parts. This move aligned with the group's "3R" strategy—repair, reuse, and remanufacture—focusing on sustainable automotive solutions. The acquisition also aimed to support PSA Aftermarket's goal of tripling its revenue from circular economy initiatives between 2018 and 2023, aligning with its sustainability goals.[70]

Other interests

[edit]

In 2008, the company investigated the option to buy Mitsubishi Motors but a deal could not be concluded and was called off in 2010.[71] One outcome of the talks resulted in the Mitsubishi Outlander and Mitsubishi i-MiEV to be sold as Peugeot and Citroën in Europe.[72]

Former joint ventures

[edit]

Locations

[edit]

Head office

[edit]

The head office of PSA Group is located in Rueil-Malmaison.[77] The group has been renting the building since 2017, right after its construction.[78] It is 16,250-square-metre (174,900 sq ft) and was housing around 700 employees in 2017.[79]

United Kingdom

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Peugeot Motor Company PLC is a wholly owned United Kingdom subsidiary of PSA Peugeot Citroën that operates the Peugeot UK, Citroën UK, and DS Automobile brands. Peugeot UK's retail arm is Robins & Day which was part of Rootes Group before becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Peugeot Motor Company PLC in 1970.

Other locations

[edit]

PSA has a number of manufacturing and development sites around the world. Vigo, in Galicia, has PSA's biggest factory in the world. The PSA Mangualde Plant in Portugal produced its millionth vehicle in 2012.[80]

PSA invested ₹4 billion to establish a new plant in Chennai, India.[81]

The group announced on 29 November 2016 at Tunisia's investment conference 2020 it will open a factory plant in the country in mid-2018. The factory will have a planned annual production of 1,200 units.[82]

In January 2018, Groupe PSA had chosen to establish its new North American headquarters in Atlanta after a yearlong, nationwide search to find the optimal balance of business environment, standard of living and workforce.[83] However, with Groupe PSA's 2021 merger with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles to form Stellantis, plans to bring the Peugeot brand back to North America were cancelled in favour of focusing on FCA's existing American brands Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and Ram.[84]

Vehicles

[edit]

Notable vehicles and innovations

[edit]

Hybrid Air

[edit]
Peugeot 2008 HYbrid air cutaway exhibited at the Salão Internacional do Automóvel 2014, São Paulo, Brazil

PSA Group exhibited the "Hybrid Air" engine, an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid, at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The engine is the result of a secret development project involving about 100 people. The basic technology is not new—it has been used in heavy vehicles such as garbage trucks or buses which frequently start and stop—but its application to passenger cars is.[85] The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power a hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Production versions were scheduled for 2015 or 2016 to sell at about US$25,000 or £17,000. Mileage was estimated to be about 3.5 L/100 km or 80 miles per gallon for city driving if installed in a Citroën C3.[86]

Awards

[edit]

Peugeot and Citroën have won many awards for their vehicles including: ten times the European Car of the Year award, 12 times the "Car of the year" Auto Europa award in Italy, 18 times the "car of the year" in Spain, and five times the "Irish Car of the Year" award.

European Car of the Year award winners:[87]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Peugeot Company Information". NYSE Euronext. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  2. ^ a b "Key figures". PSA Group. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e "2019 Annual Results". PSA Group.
  4. ^ "Groupe PSA registration document 2018". 26 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Peugeot to sell 75% stake in Gefco to Russia's RZD for €800 mn". Hindustan Times. AFP. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013.
  6. ^ "Official website". DS Automobiles. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014.
  7. ^ "Opel/Vauxhall to join PSA Group". PSA Group. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  8. ^ Ewing, Jack; Alderman, Liz (18 December 2019). "Fiat Chrysler and Peugeot Agree on Terms to Forge New Auto Giant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  9. ^ a b "Fiat Chrysler, Peugeot owner PSA agree binding merger in $50 billion deal". Reuters. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  10. ^ "FCA, Groupe PSA Merger Officially Named 'Stellantis'". Car & Bike. 16 July 2020. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Top 15 Automakers in the World | Car Sales Rank Worldwide". F&I Tools. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  12. ^ "PSA returns to French CAC 40 index and may hit operating margin target earlier than planned". Automotive News. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  13. ^ Ahad, Abdul (7 September 2012). "Embattled Peugeot booted from French CAC 40 index". Business Recorder. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  14. ^ "Peugeot éjecté du CAC 40 : un nouveau coup dur pour l'image du constructeur". La Voix du Nord. 7 September 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013.
  15. ^ "Groupe PSA : Commercial Results 2018". PSA Group. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  16. ^ Volkswagen 2018 Annual Report
  17. ^ "Worldwide Sales Results 2018: Groupe Renault sales reached 3.9 million vehicles, up 3.2% with Jinbei and Huasong". Renault. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  18. ^ "The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search".
  19. ^ Peugeot Motion and Emotion, Corporate interactive history, Undated. Retrieved: 9 April 2012.
  20. ^ "Development of the Simca 180 cars". Rootes-Chrysler.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2006.
  21. ^ "Austin Rover Online". Aronline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  22. ^ Tourneur, Henry (7 February 1985). "De Franse markt met 13% naar beneden" [The French market drops by 13 percent]. De AutoGids (in Flemish). Vol. 6, no. 140. Brussels, Belgium: Uitgeverij Auto-Magazine. p. 110.
  23. ^ "GM and Peugeot announce alliance". BBC News. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  24. ^ Rosemain, Mathieu (3 July 2012). "July 3, 2012 - Peugeot to Raise French Workforce Cuts to 10,000, Union Says". Bloomberg.
  25. ^ "Peugeot Citroën may cut 5000 jobs in Europe". Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  26. ^ "Peugeot gets government rescue as crisis deepens". Reuters. 24 October 2012.
  27. ^ "Peugeot Plunges After GM Sells Entire 7% Holding". bloomberg. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  28. ^ Moss, Darren (13 December 2013). "GM sells stake in PSA Peugeot Citroen". Autocar. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  29. ^ "Peugeot signs rescue deal with China's Dongfeng Motor". BBC. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  30. ^ Zhang, Benjamin (6 April 2016). "Zipcar is about to face an unlikely new competitor". Business Insider. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  31. ^ "Hindustan Motors sells iconic Ambassador brand to Peugeot-Citroën". Autocar India. 11 February 2017.
  32. ^ Shah, Ronak (26 January 2018). "Iconic Ambassador car to make a come back in India: Here's all you need to know". The Financial Express. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  33. ^ "Karl-Thomas Neumann im Interview: Die Zukunft von Opel - auto motor und sport". Auto-motor-und-sport.de. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  34. ^ Accardi, Michael (6 March 2017). "GM Officially Sells Opel to France's PSA Group in €2.2-Billion Deal". www.autoguide.com. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  35. ^ a b c d e f "Opel-PSA Group Plans Job Cuts in Vienna". Vindobona. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  36. ^ "PSA Group purchase of Opel and Vauxhall completed with new financial company". www.autocar.co.uk. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  37. ^ "Peugeot in talks to buy GM's Vauxhall and Opel business". BBC News. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  38. ^ Christopher Ludwig (31 March 2017). "Groupe PSA special report: Refait à neuf". Automotive Logistics. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  39. ^ Ganeshwaran Kana (24 June 2017). "Geely acquires Proton stake for RM460mil". The Star newspaper (Malaysia). Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  40. ^ DeBord, Matthew (6 June 2019). "French politics killed the Fiat Chrysler-Renault merger". Business Insider.
  41. ^ Charles Riley (18 December 2019). "Fiat Chrysler and Peugeot owner agree deal to create world's third largest automaker". CNN. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  42. ^ "STELLANTIS: The name of the new group resulting from the merger of FCA and Groupe PSA" (PDF) (Press release). Vélizy-Villacoublay and London: FCA and Groupe PSA. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  43. ^ "Fiat Chrysler and Peugeot shareholders vote to merge, creating world's fourth-largest car maker". NBC News. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  44. ^ Noble, Breana. "Stellantis merger to close on Jan. 16 after PSA, FCA shareholders approve". The Detroit News. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  45. ^ "The merger of FCA and Groupe PSA has been completed" (PDF). Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  46. ^ a b "French carmaker Peugeot fires CEO to weather crisis". Reuters. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  47. ^ Laurence Frost; Gilles Guillaume (26 March 2014). "Peugeot signs Dongfeng deal, recovery hurdles remain". Reuters. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  48. ^ Tredway, Gareth (22 January 2019). "PSA and Saipa sign up to joint production in Iran | Article | Automotive Logistics". Automotivelogistics.media. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  49. ^ Williams, Marcus. "DCPA inaugurates fourth plant in China to meet SUV demand | Article | Automotive Logistics". Automotivelogistics.media. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  50. ^ Pearson, David (1 September 2011). "Peugeot-Citroen to Invest €650 Million in Indian Assembly Plant". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  51. ^ Tredway, Gareth. "PSA and CK Birla to start joint production operations in India | Article | Automotive Logistics". Automotivelogistics.media. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  52. ^ "Peugeot-Citroën Will Begin Assembly in Kazakhstan in June". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 7 March 2013.
  53. ^ By rachaelhogg2015-06-24T13:01:56+01:00. "PSA invests in Morocco plant with a view to export | Article | Automotive Logistics". Automotivelogistics.media. Retrieved 2 November 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ "Citroen C5 Aircross SUV's India unveil date out: What to expect from Karoq, Compass rival". The Financial Express. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  55. ^ "Official website". Peugeot Citroën Moteurs. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  56. ^ "Ford And PSA Peugeot Citroen Announce Plans For Expansion of Diesel Engine Production". Carpages.co.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  57. ^ "PGO Cévennes". Evo. September 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  58. ^ "PSA Peugeot Citroen 1.6-litre turbo petrol". www.ukipme.com. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  59. ^ "Official website". PCI. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  60. ^ "2010 Registration Document" (PDF). PSA Peugeot Citroën. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  61. ^ "Geneva 2011 press pack" (PDF). Faurecia. Retrieved 6 January 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  62. ^ "Official website". Gefco. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  63. ^ "Russian Railways to keep "most" Gefco staff after sale approval". Just Auto. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  64. ^ Christopher Ludwig (31 March 2017). "Groupe PSA report part 4: Engineering logistics partnerships". Automotive Logistics. Retrieved 6 April 2017. last year, rail represented about 15% of global finished vehicle transport volume, while sea was 21%. the number of vehicles transported by train to around 700,000 units (almost all of them in Europe)
  65. ^ www.21-sun.com, design by. "Company profile_About Us_Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co., Ltd". en.qingqi.com.cn. Retrieved 4 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ Webb, Alex (21 November 2011). "Enterprise Buys Peugeot Rental-Car Unit". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  67. ^ "China : Wuhan". PSA Peugeot Citroën. Archived from the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  68. ^ "PSA Peugeot Citroën and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation begin production at their jointly owned plant in Kaluga". PSA Peugeot Citroën press release. 23 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  69. ^ "IKCO-Peugeot Joint Venture (IKAP) Starts Working". IKCO news. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  70. ^ "PSA compra empresa de peças automóveis portuguesa B-Parts". 23 July 2020.
  71. ^ "Mitsubishi left at the altar – again". Go Auto. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  72. ^ Lawrence J. Speer (2009). "PSA to launch electric cars next year". autonews.com. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  73. ^ "About us". TPCA website. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  74. ^ "China Press Kit – September 2010" (PDF). PSA Peugeot Citroën. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  75. ^ "BMW Group and PSA Peugeot Citroën Create Joint Venture to Enhance Cooperation on Hybrid Technologies". BMW Press release. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  76. ^ "FIRST HALF RESULTS" (PDF). 2011 FIRST HALF RESULTS – July 27th, 2011. PSA Peugeot Citroën. Retrieved 4 January 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  77. ^ "Contact - Groupe PSA". Groupe PSA. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  78. ^ magazine, Le Point (1 September 2017). "Fin d'une époque pour PSA qui quitte son siège historique de Paris". Le Point (in French). Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  79. ^ "Rueil-Malmaison : 700 salariés du groupe PSA investissent leur nouveau QG". leparisien.fr (in French). 31 August 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  80. ^ "PSA de Mangualde produz unidade 1.000.000". www.lusomotores.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  81. ^ "Peugeot to set up Rs 4,000-cr plant in Tamil Nadu". The Times of India. 30 June 2011.
  82. ^ "PSA Group bolsters its commitment to Tunisia".
  83. ^ "Groupe PSA Chooses Atlanta for its North American Headquarters". Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  84. ^ Beresford, Colin (8 March 2021). "Stellantis Confirms Peugeot Not Coming to U.S., Focus to Be on Alfa, Chrysler". Car and Driver. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  85. ^ Tim Lewis (23 March 2013). "Peugeot's Hybrid Air: the car of the future that runs on air". The Observer The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  86. ^ David Jolly (1 March 2013). "Compressing Gas for a Cheaper, Simpler Hybrid". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  87. ^ "European Car of the Year webpage". Caroftheyear.org. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  88. ^ "Peugeot's 308 wins 2014 Car of the Year". The Telegraph. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Groupe PSA.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSA_Group&oldid=1265911249"